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Early History – Pre-British and British Era

Before the British colonial period, the forests of what is now Jim Corbett National Park were part of the princely state of Tehri-Garhwal, under local rulers who exploited the area for resources. The history of Corbett took a significant turn in the 19th century under British rule.

• Pre-British Ownership: The forests were privately owned by local rulers, with little focus on conservation, leading to unchecked resource exploitation for timber and profit.
• British Intervention: In 1858, Major Ramsay, a British officer, introduced the first conservation plan, banning farming in the Lower Patlidun Valley by 1861-62, removing cattle sheds, and protecting the forest from illegal deforestation.
• Reserved Forest Status: In 1879, the forests were declared a Reserved Forest under the British Forest Act, with regulated timber cutting and efforts to combat forest fires, marking the beginning of structured conservation.

Establishment of Hailey National Park – 1936

The establishment of Jim Corbett National Park as Asia’s first national park was a landmark in conservation history, driven by the vision of Sir Malcolm Hailey and Jim Corbett’s advocacy.

• Proposal and Creation: In 1934, Sir Malcolm Hailey, Governor of the United Provinces, supported the proposal for a sanctuary. With Jim Corbett’s consultation, the area was demarcated as a reserve forest, and in 1936, the United Province National Park Act established it as Hailey National Park, covering 323.75 km².
• Conservation Measures: Hunting and capturing of mammals, reptiles, and birds were banned, though timber cutting for domestic use was permitted, laying the foundation for wildlife protection.
• Jim Corbett’s Role: Jim Corbett, a renowned hunter-turned-conservationist, played a pivotal role by advocating for wildlife preservation and helping define the park’s boundaries, driven by his love for the region’s biodiversity.

Renaming and Project Tiger – 1950s to 1973

Post-independence, the park underwent significant changes, culminating in its renaming and inclusion in India’s ambitious Project Tiger initiative.

• Renaming: In 1954-55, the park was renamed Ramganga National Park after the river flowing through it. In 1955-56, it was renamed Jim Corbett National Park to honor Jim Corbett, who died in 1955, recognizing his conservation legacy.
• Project Tiger Launch: In 1973, the park became the launch site for Project Tiger, a landmark conservation program by the Indian government to protect the endangered Bengal tiger, cementing its status as a key conservation area.
• Expansion: In 1991, the park was expanded to include the Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary, forming the Corbett Tiger Reserve, with a total area of 1,288.31 km², including 520 km² of core area and 797.72 km² of buffer zone.

Modern Conservation and Legacy

Today, Jim Corbett National Park is a global conservation icon, part of the World Wide Fund for Nature’s Terai Arc Landscape Program, protecting flagship species like the Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, and great one-horned rhinoceros.

• Terai Arc Landscape Program: The park is one of 13 protected areas under this program, which restores wildlife corridors to enable migration of species like tigers and elephants across India and Nepal.
• Biodiversity and Tourism: Home to over 250 tigers, 600+ elephants, 50 mammal species, and 600+ bird species, the park is a biodiversity hotspot, attracting wildlife enthusiasts with safaris and eco-tourism initiatives.
• Challenges and Achievements: Despite challenges like poaching during World War II and modern issues like vehicle traffic, the park’s conservation efforts have led to a thriving tiger population, with 3925 wild tigers in India as of 2023.