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Early History – Pre-Medieval and Medieval Era

The region of Ranthambore, with its dense forests and strategic location, has been significant since ancient times, with the iconic Ranthambore Fort shaping its early history under various rulers.

• 8th-10th Century: The Ranthambore Fort, after which the park is named, is believed to have been established by the Chahamanas (Chauhan) dynasty around the 10th century, possibly by King Sapaldaksha in 944 A.D., though some sources suggest earlier construction by Ahir Ruler Maharaja Jayanta in the 5th century.
• 12th Century: The fort was captured by Prithviraja Chauhan, becoming a key stronghold and associated with Jainism during his reign, until it fell to Muhammad of Ghor in 1192.
• 13th-16th Century: The fort changed hands multiple times, with rulers like Delhi Sultan Iltutmish (1226), Chauhans (1236), and Sultan Ala ud din Khalji (1301) controlling it, before coming under Mewar rulers (1326-1528) and later Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1569.

Royal Hunting Ground – 16th to 20th Century

Under Mughal and later Jaipur rulers, the forests surrounding Ranthambore Fort became an exclusive hunting reserve, setting the stage for its later transformation into a wildlife sanctuary.

• Mughal and Jaipur Rule: After Akbar’s conquest in 1569, the fort and its forests were entrusted to the Kachwaha rulers of Jaipur, who used the area as a royal hunting ground for tigers and other wildlife.
• Pre-1955 Exploitation: The forests served as the private hunting reserve of the Maharajas of Jaipur, with minimal conservation efforts, leading to uncontrolled hunting and resource extraction.
• Rajasthan Forest Act (1953): The enactment of the Rajasthan Forest Act provided legal protection to forests, marking the beginning of efforts to curb exploitation in the Ranthambore region.

Establishment as a Sanctuary and National Park – 1955 to 1980

The mid-20th century marked a turning point for Ranthambore, with its designation as a sanctuary and later a national park, driven by India’s growing conservation movement.

• Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary (1955): The forest was declared the Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary, covering 282 km², with a ban on commercial activities to protect its wildlife.
• Project Tiger (1973): Ranthambore was included in Project Tiger, a Government of India initiative to conserve the declining tiger population, leading to the relocation of 12 villages to create a protected habitat.
• National Park Status (1980): Ranthambore was officially declared a National Park, with a core area of 282.03 km², and the collection of forest produce was prohibited to enhance conservation efforts.

Expansion and Modern Conservation – 1983 Onwards

Ranthambore’s transformation into a global conservation hub, with significant expansions and UNESCO recognition, has solidified its legacy as a premier tiger reserve.

• Tiger Reserve Expansion (1983-1991): The Kaila Devi Sanctuary (1983) and Sawai Mansingh Sanctuary (1984) were added, forming the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve, which grew to 1,334 km² by 1991 and 1,700.22 km² by 2006.
• UNESCO Recognition (2013): Ranthambore Fort was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Hill Forts of Rajasthan, highlighting its historical and cultural significance.
• Conservation Success: Despite poaching challenges in the 1980s, conservation efforts have boosted the tiger population from near extinction to 52 tigers by 2022 and approximately 81-86 by 2021-2022, making Ranthambore a biodiversity hotspot.